Chalcolithic 2-3
Copper stone age.
- Marked by emergence of metals like copper and later enjoy with bronze.
- Earliest 6000 BC zagros mountain Iraq. 5000 BC between euphrates and tigris sumerian
- Tools and Technology.
- Agri. Plough and hoe
- Warfare. Helmet Shields swords battle axe culture.
- Alloy making 2500 BC Czechoslovakia copper and tin = bronze.
- Regional variation in India
- The Neolithic trend of using polished stone tools continued in this period also.
- Microlithic tools on silicious material were very common.
- Copper and its alloys were used in making axes, chisels, knives, fishhooks, pins, rods, etc.
- Stone grinders, mullers and hammers were used for processing food
- Pottery used to be decorated with linear, curvilinear and intricate designs in black pigment.
- Floral, vegetal, anima, bird and fish motifs were also used in the decorations.
- Adults buried in extended position.
- Female figures from newasa and inamgaon.
- West India
- Distinct urban growth 2700 and 1600 BC
- Mehergarh. Pre to post harappans
- Rest India
- Very rated village structure with copper bronze iron from 2300 and 1100 BC.
- Bihar Orissa Bengal. copper age villages with tiny celts, microlith and wheel made red and black pottery with copper.
- Chirand bihar. Pandu rajar dhipi WBengal.
- South India. Tributaries of Krishna river. Deccan chalcolithic. Hill dwellers with peripheral cultivation of ragi and millets. Bury in East West. Urns at home.
- Cultures
- Ochre colured pottery
- Upper Gangetic basin. B B Lal 1951
- Atranjikhera.
- Copper hoards.
- Tools. Rings, flat and shoulder celts. Anthropomorphic. Swords. Double edged axes. Harpoon.
- Sedentary life. Domesticated animals cattle. Rice and Barley growth.
- Some call it free hadapan hadapan and late Harappan stages.
- Kayastha 2000 to 1800 BC
- Wakhankar 1964. Tapi Narmada basin
- Pottery is fine. Wheel made. Linear painting design.
- Axes. Ornaments like bangles necklace beads
- Houses made of mud and bamboo
- Ahar. 2000 to 1400 BC
- Agrawal. Rajasthan Ajmer.
- Black and red ware pottery
- Flat copper celts.
- Housing of stone and mud. Un-baked bricks also found
- Economy agriculture and animal husbandry
- Malwa. 1700 to 1200
- Navdatoli by Sankalia. MP
- Light red and pink in black pottery
- Tools. Celts, hooks, daggers.
- Wooden post houses circular or rectangular shape.
- Agriculture. Barley gram masur. Animal husbandry
- Jorwe. 1400 to 700 BC
- Maharashtra. Amravati daimabad nevasa
- Cultivated Barley wheat rice
- Copper axe, needles, bangles.
- Artificial irrigation
- Absence of dishes indicates semi liquid food preparation.
- Red Orange matt surface painted in Geometric design on well baked fine fabric pottery
- Burial. Facing north extended position. Children in urns
- Female figurines. Social hierarchy possible with better huts at the centre.
